Stages of Ovarian Cancer

There are four stages of ovarian cancer. once you get diagnosed, your doctor may try to verify that the stage is yours. If you are diagnosed in the early stages then you have a better chance to survive. On the contrary, the diagnosis in the last stage means that your illness can be cured in large quantities by the standard increased. Either way, you have to remind the phases so that you will understand what is expected to continue as ovarian cancer. each stage are described below.

Phase one - The first stage is the stage 1, which can carry a woman. Phase one is that the stage of the treated and where to find in the ideal case, you got ovarian cancer symptoms. single issues are going to cancer at an early stage. However, Stage One ovarian cancer, an individual has a cancer in one or each ovary, although it can be done in Phase 1c they could in a woman's stomach fluid have been found to be. Stage 1c ovarian cancer may be common to the cancellation of the ovarian, because the tumor affected.

Phase Two - Stage pair showed that the tumor from the ovary were not disclosed. But not on the pelvic region. Organs with metastatic ovarian cancer achieve bladder or rectum are covered. And, as the first step can be done to be in ovarian failure at the end.

Phase Three - The third stage ovarian cancer, tumors that have been discovered in the abdominal cavity. they attack the lymph nodes, groin chamber or the world behind the uterus. Visible from stomach cancer tissue (not the stomach fluids, such as level one and 2). Tumors in a few inches and start growing from there.

Phase four - Phase four is that the lethal stage. At this stage the cancer has escaped from the pelvic and abdominal cavity. Each organ of the game for the attack, although the general is to become a leading heart or lungs. It should be noted that if the tumor to attack the institutions, the doctors nor the treatment of ovarian cancer than the treatment of liver cancer or lung cancer provide treatment. This is often due to the source of the problem in the ovaries, so that can be done and treatment of the disease, tumors, it can be attacked.

All in all, if they have the stages of ovarian cancer, you must avoid at some point may get more than one diagnosis. to get you increase your chances diagnosed at this stage, to the doctor if you experience abdominal pain and / or urinary incontinence have received, as these very early signs of ovarian cancer. Also, if you are a high risk for these conditions, press your doctor for ovarian cancer screen. In fact, you may get misdiagnosed, but if you do the condition to facilitate the screening of the movie save your life.

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms - 5 Important Things To Know

Ovarian cancer say the lives of countless girls across the planet, even in countries that stereotypes are a leader in medical technology. In fact, it's really a lack of medical technologies that lead to such a large number of deaths from ovarian cancer, because there are not any screening strategy, which will be officially recognized the disease. However, they still facilitates a girl to save her life if he knew if he had received a screening.

1. That will take years before symptoms develop ovarian cancer

The first truth about ovarian cancer that you know is how to develop disease symptoms. Basically you will be able to make a tumor that grows within you to truly timeless and have no concept that you have ovarian cancer. And when the symptoms began, it means the cancer to a certain degree where it came not only deals.

2. If ovarian cancer symptoms is caught in the initial phase, it is ninety PC survival

The second truth about ovarian cancer, that the amount of survival if the cancer is caught early. It is as high as ninety p.c. However, only 25 pc of women ready to catch the disease in stages. Why is that? Well, more girls who are at high risk of ovarian cancer screening are the one thing that crowd is very wrong with her body out (sometimes even earlier). You will be able for this class, especially when you get the history of your family. Once you have your gynecologist, you press your doctor for ovarian cancer screen. Be careful when you do this, and you're not in high-risk class because the sad ovarian cancer screening a high level of misdiagnosis, (so it does not inspire the population at large) will bring.

3. Having a Baby Breastfeeding and lowering the probability you will get ovarian cancer

The third truth about ovarian cancer, you know the problem of birth and breastfeeding. After your first baby in your 20s, together with the care is much less likely that you are exposed to ovarian cancer. However, you do not have that advantage when you have children in your early youth, or if you have a baby at all thirty-five.

4. In contraception, you lower risk of ovarian cancer

The fourth truth about ovarian cancer that you want to know the issues of contraception. He believes that to serve an effective contraception to reduce ovarian cancer as a result of estrogen a woman who probably stop elements of this disease. But be careful because some girls might not be willing to contraception considered due to certain risk factors.

5. Get a hysterectomy or ovaries removed when you are a high risk

The truth is the end of hysterectomy or removal of an ovary. Hysterectomy provide protection for almost any time of cervical cancer, but a drastic reduction in sexual desire. This could be why, when a girl is not in danger to other types of reproductive cancer, the doctor may even want better, just take her ovaries.

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

In 2008, there will be an estimated 40,100 cases of endometrial cancer and 7470 deaths from the disease in the United States (1). The majority of endometrial cancers are due to obesity. Approximately 5% of all endometrial cancers are due to a hereditary disposition (2). The most common hereditary syndrome related to endometrial cancer is Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome.

Less commonly, endometrial cancer is seen in individuals with Cowden syndrome (see chap. 15). While much attention on hereditary gynecologic cancers has been focused on BRCA1- and BRCA2-related ovarian cancer symptoms, Lynch syndrome–associated endometrial cancer is also important for the gynecologic oncologist and gynecologist. There are two key reasons to identify women with endometrial cancer as having Lynch syndrome.

First, women with endometrial cancer and Lynch syndrome have a high risk of developing a second cancer, i.e., a synchronous or metachronous colon cancer.

These women should be offered screening colonoscopy, which has been shown to be effective in the prevention and early detection of colon cancer (3). Second, clinical genetic testing is available for these women. Once, a Lynch syndrome–associated mutation is identified, unaffected family members can then undergo predictive genetic testing. This chapter will highlight characteristics or red flags for clinicians to use to identify women with endometrial cancer as possibly
having Lynch syndrome.

Many patients who might benefit from a hereditary cancer risk assessment do not
have a personal history of cancer or may be cancer survivors and hence are no
longer under the care of an oncologist. Opportunities to identify and appropriately
refer these women are, therefore, seen most frequently by primary care
providers and general obstetricians and gynecologists, requiring that such
clinicians have familiarity with—and be watchful for—the features of hereditary
cancer syndromes. As previously stated, the presence of multiple family members
affected with breast and/or ovarian cancer symptoms (or other Lynch/HNPCC-linked
cancers), an early age of cancer development, and the presence of multiple and/
or bilateral primary cancers should be viewed as an indicator for the possible
presence of a hereditary cancer syndrome (27–29).

However, specific clinical parameters exist that can be used to guide referrals to providers with
expertise in hereditary cancer risk assessment. These clinical features highlight
the importance of considering both personal and family history in a comprehensive
evaluation, and underscore the significance of age of disease onset,
ethnicity, and presence or absence of multiple and/or bilateral primary cancers in
both the patient and family member. While these specific criteria identify the
majority of individuals that meet thresholds for genetic evaluation, there are
some patients who may not meet the specific criteria, but may still benefit from
genetic risk assessment.

These individuals include members of families with few female relatives, resulting in an underrepresentation of female cancers despite
the presence of a predisposing family mutation (46,47); families in which
multiple members underwent hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy at a young age,
thus potentially masking a hereditary gynecologic cancer predisposition (48);
and families that include adoption within the lineage.

Despite the host of factors, including inheritance, environment, hormones, and
behavior, that have been linked to the development of cancer, a single unifying
theory to explain human carcinogenesis remains elusive. It is clear, however, that
cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease, and as research technology rapidly
evolves, the number of cancers in which distinct genetic defects are identifiable
continues to increase.

The total number of cells present in a tissue is dependent on a critical
balance between cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. Ovarian cancer symptoms
exhibit a high degree of genetic disruption that is manifest at both the chromosomal
and molecular levels, and the genetic alterations that underlie the
malignant transformation of ovarian surface epithelium primarily target genes
involved in the control of these processes (5,6). Thus, development of an ovarian
cancer can result from inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or activation of
oncogenes so that disruption of complex regulatory pathways occurs, with the
net effect being an increased number of cells (7). Mutations that inactivate DNA
repair genes accelerate the accumulation of other cancer-causing mutations.

Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally inhibit proliferation,
and inactivation of these genes plays a role in the development of most
cancers. Most hereditary cancer syndromes are due to transmission of germline
mutations in tumor suppressor genes. Knudson’s “two-hit” model established
the paradigm that both alleles must be inactivated in order to exert a phenotypic
effect on tumorigenesis (8). In the case of hereditary cancer susceptibility,
the initial “hit” is the inheritance of an inactivating (germline) mutation
in one copy of the gene. Later, somatic events (frequently large chromosomal
losses) result in the second hit and complete loss of tumor suppressor function.
In contrast, “sporadic” cancers arise through the accumulation of genetic
changes that are acquired throughout the life of an organism. The mechanism
of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whether germline or somatic, may
vary from one cancer to the next. Frequently, mutations in tumor suppressor
genes alter the base sequence resulting in the production of a premature stop
codon (TAG, TAA, or TGA) and truncated protein product. Several types of
mutational events can result in the creation of such premature stop codons,
including nonsense mutations, in which a single-base substitution changes the
nucleotide sequence from one that codes for a specific amino acid to one that
produces in a stop codon.